Types of Natural Mating in Farm Animals
Stylised INSEMINATION
Foundation
AI is the technique in which semen with living sperms is collected from the male and introduced into female generative tract at proper time with the help of instruments. This has been found to result in a normal offspring. In this mental process, the seed is inseminated into the female by placing a portion of information technology either in a collected surgery dilute form into the neck operating room womb by mechanic methods at the proper prison term and nether most hygienic conditions. The first knowledge domain research in artificial insemination of domestic animals was performed on dogs in 1780 aside the Italian man of science, Lazanno Spalbanzani. His experiments proved that the fertilizing power repose in the spermatozoa and not in the liquid component of semen. Hardly a far studies under research station conditions helped this technique to be used commercially allover the humankind including India.
Artificial insemination is non merely a novel method acting of bringing about impregnation in females. Instead, it is a powerful joyride mostly employed for farm animal improvement. In artificial insemination the germplasm of the bulls of superior quality can be effectively used with the least regard for their location in far away places. Past adoption of artificial insemination, there would be considerable reduction in both reproductive organ and non-genital diseases in the farm stock certificate.
SYMPTOMS OF Rut
The various symptoms of heat are
- The animal will be excited condition. The animal wish be in restlessness and nervousness.
- The animal will be bellow frequency.
- The animal bequeath reduce the intake of feed.
- Peculiar movement of limbo sacral region wish b discovered.
- The animals which are in heat will solve other animals and smelling other animals.
- The animals wish try to riding horse another animals
- The animals will standstill when other animal try to saddle horse.. This geological period is known As standing heat. This extends 14-16 hours.
- Frequent maturation (micturition) will be discovered.
- Clear mucous outpouring will be seen from the vulva, sometimes it will be string like-minded the mucous will be seen bond to the virtually the pasts of valva.
- Intumescency of the valva will make up seen.
- 11 Over-crowding and hyperemia of membrane.
- The tail will live in raised position.
- Milk production will be slightly weakened.
- On Palpation uterus will be tumid and the cervix will be opened.
A.I. ADVANTAGES – DISADVANTAGES
Advantages and disadvantages:
Counterfeit insemination (A.I.) is deposit of semen into the egg-producing genital tract past means of instruments.
ADVANTAGES OF AI:
There are several advantages by artificial insemination over natural mating or servicing.
- There is no need of maintenance of breeding bull for a ruck; therefore the cost of maintenance of breeding bull is saved.
- IT prevents the spread of certain diseases and sterileness due to genital diseases.
- Eg: contagious abortion, vibriosis.
- By diarrheic examination of semen after collection and shop checking along fertility make azoic detection of indoor males and better breeding efficiency is ensured.
- The progeny examination can be finished at an early age.
- The seminal fluid of a craved size up keister represent used regular after the death of that picky sire.
- The semen poised can personify taken to the urban areas or countryfied areas for insemination.
- 7 Information technology makes possible the mating of animals with great differences in sizing without trauma to either of the animal.
- IT is helpful to inseminate the animals that are turn away to stands Beaver State accept the male at the time of oestrum.
- It helps in maintaining the accurate breeding and cawing records.
- It increases the rate of conception.
- It helps in fitter record holding.
- Old, heavy and injured sires send away be used.
Disadvantages of A.I:
- Requires well-house-trained operations and primary equipment.
- Requires more time than natural services.
- Necessitates the knowledge of the anatomical structure and role of reproduction happening the function of operator.
- Wrong cleaning of instruments and in sanitary conditions may lead to glower richness.
- If the bull is not properly tested, the spreading of genital diseases leave be increased.
- Market for bulls will be reduced, while that for superior bull is increased.
SEMEN COLLECTION METHODS AND Valuation:
Various methods of collection of seminal fluid have been devised from clock time to clock. The older unsatisfactory methods have gradually replaced by the new modern techniques.
There are deuce-ac common methods.
- Apply of artificial vagina
- By Electro-input method acting.
- By massaging the ampulae of the duct us differences through rectal wall.
- The nonsuch method of semen collection is use of artificial vagina which is harmless for sire and the collector also.
ARTIFICIAL VAGINA METHOD
The false vagina has the following parts:
- A heavy hard arctic 2" lose, coarse at some ends with a nostle for transmit and water in and mercantile establishment.
- Inner sleeve of rubber or rubber line drive.
- The semen receiving cone or rubber cone.
- Semen collection tube made of glass or impressible graduate in cc and its divide correct to 0.1 Milliliter
- Insulating bag Before using for semen collection all the parts are washed thoroughly and germfree properly, and assembled Eastern Samoa artificial vagina, the synthetic rubber liner is inserted into the hosiery; inverting some ends back by folding back from either face opening, and fastening with rubber bands. Now the space between the hard rubber hosepipe and inner rubber line drive forms a water tight compartment. The nostle at 1 end of the hose can be fixed .
PARTS OF Faux VAGINA
Turning through the threaded addict up or polish. The water jacket of the Artificial -vagina is- occupied with sultry water at a temperature of 45°C (113°F) by opening the nostle. The graduated seminal fluid collection tube is fixed to the narrow end of the artificial vagina hose, and buttoned by a rubber band. The inner lateral of the rubber liner along the anterior side of the artificial vagina is lubricated with sterile jelly to a length of 3 to 4 inches. Air is blown through the nostle into the water jacket, to create pressure in if, and the comparable is exerted the rubber linear, to simulate physical vagina.
The temperature of the artificial vagina is to be checked, at each collection, and it should simulate natural vagina at mounting time. If the artificial vagina is to mount late. If information technology is too cold ejaculate may not beryllium there after a thrust, or even if ejaculate is there; information technology may personify infected with urine, and becomes unfit for function.
| SEMEN COLLECTION METHOD. (A.V.) The moo-cow or dummy is fastened in service make over. The artificial vagina made-up is held at 45° angle from the direction of penis, and the thrust is that angle. The fake vagina is held with the left hand by a right handed someone; and when the bull mounts the cow, the sheath of the bull wish be graphed by the operator, directing the gland phallus into the simulated vagina, and then the fuzz gives a jabbing to ejaculate. The operator should evince care soh as not to touch the open ancient of the penis. Later the bull dismounts, the artificial vagina is taken off from penis and the air vent is open to going the pressure from the jacket. The weewe from the jacket is also drained by possible action the nostle. This allows the ejaculate to flow from the cone to the seminal fluid collection subway. The semen collection subway is detached from the cone, plugged with cotton wool, and seized to the laboratory for examination. The rubber cone and the semen collection pipe can be protected from external contamination or heat up or higher, past covering with an insulation bag with zip. | |
SEMEN Depot
The discovery that bull semen could be successfully frozen and stored for indefinite periods has revolutionized AI in cattle. In 1949, British scientists unconcealed that addition of glycerol to the semen extender better resistance of sperm to freeze. Glycerol acts to bump off irrigate from the spermatozoon cell anterior to freeze and prevents the shaping of cellular ice crystals which would damage the sperm. On that point are two methods of freezing and storing semen: dry ice and intoxicant (-100 degrees F) and liquid nitrogen (-320 degrees F). Liquid nitrogen is preferred because there is none evidence of fertility declension with age. Fertility gradually declines in semen stored in dry ice-alcohol.
Frozen semen can be stored indefinitely if specific temperature is maintained. A recent report told of a calf born from stock-still semen stored for 16 years. Fresh, liquidness semen can be successfully stored for 1 to 4 years at 40 degrees F. Semen is normally stored in glass ampoules. Other methods look promising, peculiarly the French-straw. Some AI organizations have gone to this method exclusively. Artificial food colouring is frequently added to semen extenders in tell to distinguish cardinal cover from other. Complete identification of the bull is mandatory on each individual semen container.
INSEMINATION METHODS
On that point-are different methods insemination in varied species of animals i.e. speculum method, vaginal method and recto vaginal method.
Insemination
RECTO VAGINAL METHOD
In cattle the invulnerable and best method acting of insemination is "Recto canal method of insemination". Cow which is in heat is well controlled placing it in a Travis. The inseminator will get ready and waiting aside wearing a plastic apron, gumboots and gloves. The semen strew after thawing (keeping the semen straw in warm water for a infinitesimal to convert the freezed seed into liquid and the sperms get motile) is loaded in a sterilized A.I. gum and is splashy with a plastic sheath. The inseminator will insert the gloved near hand into the rectum subsequently applying the soft soap or other lubricating substance on the baseball mitt and back racked the animal, and the hand is far inserted and will catch hold the neck through rectal wall. The A.I gum loaded with semen straw is passed.
Recto-epithelial duct method acting of insemination
Direct the vulva to 'vagina and cervix and discovered with the hand in rectum that the A. I gum reaches the cervix, then the seed is deposited by injecting the gun, and later on depositing the semen the gun is removed, the empty straw and sheath are disordered.
SPECTRUM Method acting
In this method spectrum is placed in the vagina of the cow, which provides transition outside to the site of insemination, then inseminating tube is passed through the speculum and semen is deposited at the cervix insemination method.
VAGINAL METHOD
Hand down is passed through the vagina and the inseminating tube is guided by hand to the site of insemination and seminal fluid is deposited. Here there is a risk of contamination and injury of female genitalia.
FROZEN SEMEN AND STORAGE
Freezing of semen for no-hit preservation of spermatozoa, for long periods, is of great importance in livestock breeding and produce management. Information technology has made it achievable" to seduce available the use of goods and services of unpaid proven sizes for larger number of cattle, covering larger area, frozen semen shipment has become feasible to different continents in the globe to any place connected with whatsoever service. Now a day if Fannie Merritt Farmer wants to use of an outstanding sized for hereditary pattern of high milk yield, he send away get into for frozen semen military service provided his area is, covered by Artificial insemination, with supply of frozen semen.
At inst frigid seed is used in most of the states in India. The technique of seed saving in straws was developed in France . Freeze of seminal fluid is through with with a especial diluents, which has the chase composition.
Sodium citrate dihydrate (angular) 2.4 y. 2.0 gm 8.0 ml 25.0%byvolume 50,000 units per 100 ml of semen Fructose Glycerol Yolk Penicillin dilulent. Dihydro-streptomycin 50.0 mg per .100m1 of seminal fluid dilulent. Distilled water two-base hit glass distilled 100.Om1. The addition of glycerol to the dilulent makes the cells more repellent to the rigours of freezing and icy crystals, which form are smaller and smoother thus creating less damage to the spermatozoa. The addition of fruit sugar to the diluent luprores sperm resistance to glycerin; and also provides nutrition.
Frozen seminal fluid is crowded in individualistic dose glass vials or formative straws at +5°C. The terminal degree of glycerol should beryllium 7.0 to 7.6% during the freezing process. The antibiotics are added to inhibit bacteria and to kill pathetic organisms. The semen to be weakened in such a way that one ml. of extended semen will contain 20 million motile spermatozoa. The semen moldiness equal cooled carefully for spermatozoa to remain with life. The final temperature is lowered to -79°C or still lower. Quick freezing is unsuccessful a period of 3 to 5 transactions to -75°C with the help of atmosphere created aside molten nitrogen. In the slow freezing technique cooling is done at the rate of 1 °C per minute from +5°C to -15°C. From -15°C to -31 °C at the charge per unit of 2°C per minute. From -31°C to 75°C at the rate of 4 to 5°C per minute. Gum olibanum taking 40 minutes in number, far cooling system to -96°C can be cooked quickly as it is non grave after freezing. Before freeze the diluted semen in equilibreated for 3 to 5 hours or for the best 16 to 20, hours period in refrigerator at 5°C. Frozen seed facilitates the per centum use of goods and services of the semen weak and frozen, and thus the delivery price is reduced, and it pot personify supplied with the gaps of months to the A.I technicians as against the supply of fluid semen all years or alternate days. Liquid state nitrogen plays a vital role for storing the frost-bound semen straws, at a temperature of -196°C for longer periods.
(Source: http://bieap.gov.in/DairyAnimalManagementTheory.pdf )
Artificial insemination (AI) of kine
Artificial insemination (AI) is the outgrowth of collecting sperm cells from a male finch-like and manually depositing them into the procreative tract of a female. One can cite a figure of potential benefits from the use of artificial insemination.
Multiplied efficiency of bull exercis
During natural breeding, a male will deposit much to a greater extent seed than is theoretically needed to produce a pregnancy. In addition, natural breeding is physically disagreeable. Some of these factors limit the number of natural mating a male person give notice make. However, collected semen can be cut and extended to create hundreds of doses from a single blunder out. Also, semen can equal easily transported; allowing multiple females in other geographical locations to be inseminated at the same time, and semen can be stored for long periods of time, meaning that males can acquire materialization long after their natural fruitful lives last.
Increased potential for genetic survival of the fittest
Because dummy insemination allows males to bring on many offspring, fewer males are needed. Therefore, extraordinary can pick out only the fewer best males for exercise as parents, raising the selection intensity. Furthermore, because males can have more offspring, their offspring can be used in a progeny test program to Thomas More accurately evaluate the genetic value of the male. At last, individual farmers can use artificial insemination to addition the sequence pool with which his Oregon her animals lavatory cost mated, potentially decreasing personal effects of inbreeding.
Male animals frequently grow to represent larger than females and can consume comparatively larger amounts of feed. Too, male animals are often more alcoholic, powerful, and potentially ill-mannered and thus require special housing and handling equipment.
Increased safety for animals and farmers
As mentioned, virile animals give notice become large and aggressive. These factors mean value that maintaining a bull connected a farm Crataegus oxycantha Be dangerous. Also, because of the relatively larger sizing of grown males than females, natural mating is more likely to termination accidents and injury to either the cow operating theater the Samson than is artificial insemination.
Reduced disease transmission system
Natural union allows for the channel of venereal diseases between males and females. More or less pathogens can exist transmitted in semen through and through imitation insemination, but the collection process allows for the screening of disease agents. Collected semen is besides routinely checked for superior, which can help avoid problems associated with male infertility.
Artificial insemination has around potential drawbacks, however, that must be well-advised. First, information technology can be more laborious. Male animals instinctively detect the females that are in the correct status for conception. With artificial insemination the detection operate waterfall on the responsibleness of the Fannie Merritt Farmer. Poor detection results in decreased rates of fertility. Also, accelerando the total of offspring per antheral has exclusive advantages only when the top-quality males can be accurately determined. Other than this process only decreases the transmissible variability in a population. Increasing the number of issue per male ever reduces the gene pool. The benefits of more intense excerption mustiness represent balanced against the negative effects of decreased variation.
( Origin: www.naweb.iaea.org)
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION TECHNIQUES
The technique of inseminating a cow is a accomplishment requiring adequate knowledge, experience and patience. Improper Artificial intelligence techniques can negate all unusual efforts to obtain conception. Semen must be deposited inside the tract of the cow at the best fix and at best time to obtain acceptable conception rates. Early methods of AI involved deposition of the seminal fluid in the vagina, A would pass off in undyed union. Those methods are non satisfactory. Fertility is deficient and greater numbers of sperm are required. Another method acting which gained popularity was the "speculum" method. This method is easily learned, but proper cleaning and sterilizing of the equipment is necessary, making it more impractical to inseminate than with the rectovaginal technique which is the most widely used Army Intelligence method acting nowadays.
In the recto-duct technique a sterile, disposable catheter containing the thawed semen is inserted into the vagina and then guided into the cervix by means of a gloved hand in the rectum. The inseminating catheter is passed through and through the spiral folds of the cow's cervix into the womb. Voice of the semen is deposited just inside the womb and the residue in the cervix as the catheter is withdrawn. Expulsion of the semen should be accomplished slowly and deliberately to avoid excessive sperm losses in the catheter. The body of the uterus is short; therefore, care should be taken not to penetrate too deeply which might cause physical injury. In animals previously inseminated, the catheter should not be forced through the cervix since pregnancy is a opening. Since research information show soft variation in conception rates when semen is placed in the uterine cervix, uterine physical structure or uterine horns, some people recommend incomplete incursion of the canalis cervicis uteri and deposition of seed in the uterine cervix.
The recto-vaginal proficiency is more difficult to learn and practice is essential for unobjectionable proficiency but the advantages make this method of insemination to a greater extent desirable than other better-known methods. With apply, the skillful technician soon learns to thread the cervix all over the catheter with facilitate. If spendable catheters are used and proper sanitation measures are followed, there is little chance of infection being carried from one moo-cow to some other.
Timing of Insemination for Maximum Conception
A frequent interrogate concerning Bradypus tridactylus is: What time during heat should oxen be bred for greatest chance of innovation? Since estrus may last from 10 to 25 hours there is considerable latitude in workable time of insemination. Much research work has been conducted on this subject.
Controlled investigations were conducted by Shave Berger and John Davis at Nebraska in 1943. These and other studies show that conception rate is lower when cows are bred prior to middle estrus Oregon later than 6 hours later on surcease of rut (slack wake in this grammatical case). Maximal conception is obtained when cows are inseminated between mid rut and the end of standing estrus, with honorable results up to 6 hours after heat.
Success in insemination timing is dependent upon a good heat detection course of study. In large herds, this means assigning individual responsibility for heat detection and a continued education program for trade union movement. A successful heat detection program and subsequent proper timing of insemination will fund dividends in increasing reproductive efficiency.
A practical testimonial for timing of insemination
| Cows viewing heat | Should be inseminated | Tool late for righteous results |
| In morning | Same day | Next day |
| In afternoon | Morning of next Day or early afternoon | After 3 p.m. |
(Source: World Wide Web.Earth-agriculture.com)
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Types of Natural Mating in Farm Animals
Source: https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/animal_husbandry/animhus_cattle_AI.html
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